Monday, November 19, 2007

Joe Corley, contact info for the Bible Basics series author

Joe
Job title:
Company: Joe Corley Books
Address: 116 Armory Drive Lewisburg, TN 37091
Business: (931) 359-3451
Home:
Mobile:
Business Fax:
E-mail:
E-mail 2:

cached Monday, May 28, 2007

Sunday, May 6, 2007

Covetousness: The Tenth Commandment

Why is the (Exodus 20:17)? Covetousness is not listed last because it is somehow the least of sins (James 2:8-11), but because it is "a root of all kinds of evil" (1 Timothy 6:10), covetousness causes people to violate each of the other nine commandments. The is available in two formats: Powerpoint (*.PPT) and webpage archive
(*.MHT).

In the slide show below, my list numbering was altered by the process used to convert the Powerpoint presentation to a slide show. So, if you want a presentation that makes numerical sense, download the Powerpoint.


OUTLINE

I. Covetousness: The 10th Commandment
“For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil” 1 Timothy 6:10

II. Exodus 20:3-17, The Ten Commandments, Thou shall…
  1. Not have any other Gods before ME
  2. Not make unto thee any graven image
  3. Not take the name of thy Lord in vain
  4. Remember the Sabbath, to keep it holy
  5. Honor thy father and thy mother
  6. Not murder
  7. Not commit adultery
  8. Not steal
  9. Not bear false witness
  10. Not covet
[Is there a reason for the order of the commandments?]
  • The first four commandments govern our relationship with God. Similarly, Jesus said that the first and great commandment was, “’You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your mind.’” (Matthew 22:37-38)
  • The first five govern our relationship to authority. We learn respect for God by first learning to respect our parents.
  • The last six commandments govern our relationships with other people. This can be summed up in Jesus’ command to, “’You shall love your neighbor as yourself.’” (Matthew 22:-39-40)
[What about the prohibition against covetousness? Why is it last?]
It isn’t last because it is somehow a lesser sin (James 2:8-11).

[
Let us examine the relationship that the sin of covetousness has with the other nine sins listed in the Ten Commandments.]

III. Covetousness: The 10th Commandment, a root of all kinds of evil
  • Covet – Hebrew verb “chamad” (khaw-mad‘), “to desire, covet, take pleasure in, delight in”
  • Exodus 20:17 - “You shall not covet your neighbor's house; you shall not covet your neighbor's wife, nor his male servant, nor his female servant, nor his ox, nor his donkey, nor anything that is your neighbor's.”
IV. Covetousness: The 10th Commandment, a root of all kinds of evil
  • Covet - Greek verb “epithumeo”, “to fix the desire upon” (epi, “upon,” used intensively, thumos, “passion”), whether things good or bad; hence, “to long for, lust after, covet, …”
  • Romans 7:7-8 – epithumeo is translated “covet” & “desire”
  • Genesis 3:6 – Eve saw the fruit as desirable (“chamad”)
  • James 1:14-15; 1 John 2:16 – lust (“epithumeo”)
1.
3.[According to James, we are tempted by our desires. Isn’t this what happened to Eve?]
41 John 2:16, “For all that is in the world—the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life—is not of the Father but is of the world.”
  • Eve that the tree was good for food. Her flesh lusted for it.
  • The fruit was pleasant to Eve’s eyes. Her eyes lusted for it.
  • The fruit was desirable to make one wise. Eve’s pride told her she wanted to become wise by eating the fruit.
5.


V. Covetousness: The 10th Commandment, a root of all kinds of evil
Thou shall …
1. Not have any other gods
2. Not make any graven images (idols)
3. Not take the Lord’s name in vain
4. Remember the Sabbath
5. Honor Father & Mother

Covetousness leads to …
1. Micah & Dan (Judges 17-18:24)
2. Colossians 3:4-6
3. Job’s Wife (Job 1:10-11; 2:9)
4. Exodus 20:8-11
5. Corban (Mark 7:9-13); Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-13)

A covetous attitude caused . . .
1.Men from Dan to steal Micah’s “Gods.”
2.Men today to place material prosperity ahead of God.
3.Job’s wife to instruct Job to blaspheme God.
4.Men to disregard God’s command to honor father and mother.
[With respect to the Fourth Commandment, If one cannot work on the Sabbath (which is not a prohibition today), then one cannot work for material prosperity on that day, but must focus his attention on his relationship to God, family and others.]


VI. Covetousness: The 10th Commandment, a root of all kinds of evil
Thou shall not …
6. Murder
7. Commit Adultery
8. Steal
9. Bear False Witness (Lie)
10. Covet

Covetousness leads to …
6. Cain (Genesis 4:1-8); Proverbs 1:10-19
7. Exodus 20:17; David (2 Samuel 11:2-4); Ephesians 4:19 (cf. NIV)
8. Jacob (Gen. 27:6-29); Laban (Genesis 31:7,15,41,42); Achan (Joshua 7:21);
9. Gehazi (2 Kings 5:20-27); Ananias and Sapphira (Acts 5:1-11)
10. 1 Timothy 6:5-10

Covetousness has also led men to . . .
1.Murder;
2.Commit adultery;
3.Steal; and
4.Lie.

5.
Ephesians 4:19
  • NKJV - who, being past feeling, have given themselves over to lewdness, to work all uncleanness with greediness.
  • NIV - Having lost all sensitivity, they have given themselves over to sensuality so as to indulge in every kind of impurity, with a continual lust for more.
  • HCSB - They became callous and gave themselves over to promiscuity for the practice of every kind of impurity with a desire for more and more.
  • ESV - They have become callous and have given themselves up to sensuality, greedy to practice every kind of impurity.
  • TNIV - Having lost all sensitivity, they have given themselves over to sensuality so as to indulge in every kind of impurity, and they are full of greed.
As Paul wrote to Timothy, “the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil.” 1 Timothy 6:10.

VII. Covetousness: The 10th Commandment
“For the love of money is aroot of all kinds of evil” 1 Timothy 6:10

[
Perhaps covetousness is listed as the last commandment because it can cause man to commit the other nine.]

  • Does the prospect of eternal life sound pleasant and delightful to you?
  • Do you long for heaven?
  • Then you should desire a relationship with Jesus Christ, and covet a good relationship with God.

Tuesday, November 28, 2006

Jesus Would Evangelize

Jesus Would Evangelize
by Bill Blue

People oftentimes place importance on a person’s final words. What can lessons can we learn from Jesus’ final instructions to the apostles before He ascended into heaven?

JESUS EXPECTS US TO EVANGELIZE. The books of Matthew, Mark, Luke, John and Acts all record that Jesus’ final instructions to the apostles included the commands to preach the gospel (Matt. 28:19; Mark 16:15-16; Luke 24:44-52, John 21:15-17; Acts 1:8).

Matthew and Mark quote Jesus as requiring the Gospel to be preached in “all nations” (Matt. 28:20; Luke 24:47), and to “the whole human race” (Mark 16:15 - AMPLIFIED BIBLE).

JESUS EXPECTS US TO PREACH THE NECESSITY OF BAPTISM. According to Jesus, baptism is necessary for salvation (Mark 16:16), and to become one of His disciples (Matt. 28:19). Luke records that Jesus commanded, “repentance and remission of sins should be preached” (Luke 24:47). Peter, Luke, and Paul all say that baptism is for the remission or “washing away,” of sins (Acts 2:38. 22:16).

JESUS EXPECTS US TO OBEY HIS COMMANDS AS THEY ARE GIVEN. The apostles and early disciples followed Jesus’ instructions exactly. Luke wrote that Jesus commanded the apostles to remain in Jerusalem after His ascension and wait for the Holy Spirit (Acts 1:4-5). Then, preach the gospel first in Jerusalem, then the rest of Judea, Samaria and finally the rest of the world.

46 “Then He said to them, ‘Thus it is written, and thus it was necessary for the
Christ to suffer and to rise from the dead the third day, 47 and that repentance
and remission of sins should be preached in His name to all nations, beginning
at Jerusalem. 48 And you are witnesses of these things. 49 Behold, I send the
Promise of My Father upon you; but tarry in the city of Jerusalem until you are
endued with power from on high.’”
(Luke 24:46-49) “But you shall receive power
when the Holy Spirit has come upon you; and you shall be witnesses to Me in
Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth”
(Acts 1:8,
NKJV).


Following this instruction, the apostles returned to Jerusalem (Luke 24:52; Acts 1:12). They were in Jerusalem when they received the baptism of the Holy Spirit (Acts 1:12–2:4). Immediately after receiving the Holy Spirit, Peter preached the first gospel sermon in Jerusalem and 3,000 people were baptized (Acts 2:14, 41). Afterwards, Peter and others continued preaching and working miracles until the doctrine of Christ had “filled Jerusalem” (Acts 5:28).

Later, Philip went to Samaria. Many there “heeded” his teachings, and were baptized through his preaching of Jesus and the kingdom of God (Acts 8:5-6, 8:12-14).

Other Christians, fleeing Jewish persecution, spread the Gospel “as far as Phoenicia, Cyprus, and Antioch” (Acts 11:19-20). Eventually, the apostles and others succeeded in “turn[ing] the world upside down” (Acts 17:6) for the Gospel had not only been successful in Jerusalem, Judea, and Samaria, but also “throughout almost all of Asia” (Acts 19:26).

Thus, as Jesus commanded, the apostles preached the gospel first in Jerusalem and Judea, then Samaria and the rest of the world.

JESUS EXPECTS US TO FOLLOW THE APOSTLES’ EXAMPLES AND TEACHINGS. Jesus instructed the apostles to teach the new disciples they baptized to obey everything He commanded the apostles (Matt. 28:20). Thus, we too, are responsible for “preaching” or “proclaiming” God’s word (2 Tim. 4:2; 1 Pet. 2:9; 1 Pet. 3:15).

Wednesday, November 22, 2006

Cleanse The Temple of Modernism

Cleanse The Temple of Modernism by Bill Blue

Is Christ pleased with all the works and forms of worship performed in His name today?

One Lino Lakes, Minnesota congregation has movie-theater style seats with cup holders (the cup holders are designed to hold the designer coffee that will be sold at the building).

Another congregation in nearby Eden Prairie, Minnesota has swelled to such large numbers that it has two buildings miles apart. The smaller building features videotaped sermons and a ten-piece band.

In Essex County, New Jersey, a congregation held a football service. Women played cheerleaders and the choir and preacher dressed in jerseys. In Peoria, Illinois, a congregation decorates its building with golf balls and footballs, and the men huddle up at the beginning and the end of each service.

A St. Paul congregation used to be the attendance champion because it operated a non-alcoholic nightclub, and boasted that its slogan was “Definitely not church as usual.”

Many Christians would oppose nightclubs and videotaped sermons, but what about daycare centers, ten-piece bands, softball teams, Wednesday night dinners, or three-dollar coffees?

What would Jesus say about efforts to modernize or liberalize worship?

Jesus is not pleased by every form of worship performed in His name (Matt. 7:21-23).

With respect to common meals, Jesus demonstrated in His own ministry that He was more concerned with fulfilling spiritual needs than one’s appetite. On the day after Jesus fed the 5,000, many of the Jews who had been fed the day before traveled across the Sea of Galilee to be fed again (John 6:24, 26). Jesus did not feed them again, but said, “Do not labor for the food which perishes, but for the food which endures to everlasting life, which the Son of Man will give you” (John 6:27). Over and over again Jesus stressed that it was more important to believe that He was the Christ, than to be preoccupied with their own bellies (John 6:29, 32-33, 35-40). Paul similarly says to churches who assemble to eat common meals, “What! Do you not have houses to eat and drink in? … But if anyone is hungry, let him eat at home, lest you come together for judgment” (1 Cor. 11:22, 34). Common meals can cause divisions within the church, and cause brethren to forget why they are assembling in the first place (1 Cor. 11:17-34). Jesus would prefer us to come together to be nourished with words of faith and good doctrine (1 Tim. 4:6) instead of $3 coffees or spaghetti dinners.

With respect to nightclubs, gyms, daycare centers and the like, either all are authorized or none are authorized. What would Jesus say about these social outreach institutions? On two occasions, Jesus cleansed the temple of the moneychangers. On the second occasion Jesus said that the offenders had made the Lord’s house “a den of thieves” (Matt. 21:13). On the first occasion, however, Jesus did not accuse anyone of stealing, but said, "Take these things away! Do not make My Father's house a house of merchandise!” (John 2:16). The moneychangers were guilty of doing something God did not authorize. Likewise, where is the authority for a church to spend the Lord’s treasury on daycare centers, gymnasiums, schools, or nightclubs? Where does the Bible say that these activities are the work of the assembly? Biblical silence is not permission (Heb. 7:14).

Which would Jesus find more offensive - selling animals necessary for sacrifice, or selling $3 coffees at worship? The moneychangers could at least argue that they were selling items necessary for worship. After all, everyone under the Law of Moses had to offer an animal for sacrifice as part of his or her worship to God, but God requires no one today to have daycare or coffee in order to worship Him.

The problem with modern worship is that the breadth of permitted activities grows over time because they are not confined by God’s word which never changes (Mal. 3:6). The organ or piano introduced into some denominations in the 19th century has given way to ten-piece bands and choirs that sing while the congregation sits quiet (but see Eph. 5:19; Col. 3:16). In the 20th Century, women and homosexuals began filling pulpits once reserved to righteous men (1 Cor. 14:34-35; 1 Tim. 2:11-12; 1 Cor. 6:9-10). How far has modernism gone? In one of the congregations referenced above, worship includes comedy sketches and rock music, but no Bibles and no hymnals. How well can one be filled with “words of faith and good doctrine” without Bibles (1 Tim. 4:6)? It is time to cleanse our houses of worship of the moneychangers of daycare and gyms before our Bibles disappear and we starve from a lack of God’s word.

Next week we will print our final article in this series.

Tuesday, November 14, 2006

What Would Jesus Do About Sinning Brethren?

What Would Jesus Do About Sinning Brethren? By Bill Blue

Some churches excommunicate sinning members. Some withdraw from or disfellowship sinners. Others do not discipline members at all believing that it is wrong to judge one another. What would Jesus do?

Where one brother sins against a second brother, Jesus has left us explicit instructions (Matt. 18:15-17).

15 "Moreover if your brother sins against you, go and tell him his fault between
you and him alone. If he hears you, you have gained your brother. 16 But if he
will not hear, take with you one or two more, that 'by the mouth of two or three
witnesses every word may be established.' 17 And if he refuses to hear them,
tell it to the church. But if he refuses even to hear the church, let him be to
you like a heathen and a tax collector.



Although Jesus limited His scenario to occasions where one brother sins against another, following Jesus’ pattern here should be the rule rather than the exception. As we consider the Scriptural authority for withdrawal, remember the goals of discipline: saving the lost brother (James 5:19-20), and protecting the church from sin (1 Cor. 5:5-8).

STEP ONE: GO TO THE BROTHER. Jesus commands us to begin the process by going directly to the sinning brother. The wisdom in doing so privately before involving third parties is obvious for at least two reasons: First, the “erring” Christian may repent immediately. Repentance may eliminate the need for others to know about the transgression and lessen the possibility of gossip and division. Secondly, you need to verify the facts. Going directly to the person accused of sin will permit you to hear their side of the story. How embarrassing would it be to confront the “transgressor” in the presence of others and then learn that no sin was committed?

STEP TWO: GO BACK WITH ONE OR TWO MORE. If your brother will not repent, find one or two witnesses (Matt. 18:16). Give your brother a second chance to repent. His spiritual welfare is the overriding concern (James 5:19-20). Others may be able to persuade him to repent and their presence will help assure that the facts are verified (Matt. 18:16). However, the number of people with knowledge of the allegations is still small. The brother may repent without the need of sharing the allegations with the entire church.

STEP THREE: TAKE IT TO THE CHURCH. If the brother will not listen to you or the others, you are then to take the issue to the church. If your church has elders, take the matter to them because they have oversight. The influence of the whole congregation is brought to bear in hopes of getting the brother to repent, but if he refuses, “let him be to you like a heathen and a tax collector” (Matt. 18:17).

LET HIM BE TO YOU LIKE A HEATHEN AND A TAX COLLECTOR. What did Jesus mean by saying that we should consider the sinning brother a Gentile and a tax collector? Remember that Jesus was speaking to Jews, and in the First Century, the Jews would not eat with Gentiles or tax collectors. By way of analogy, Jesus is instructing us to not eat with, keep company with, or otherwise socialize with sinning brethren (1 Cor. 5:11).

INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY. In verse 17, Christ puts the responsibility on the individual to discipline the sinning brother when He says that “you” are to treat the brother as a Gentile and a tax collector (Matt. 18:17). Paul also emphasized the individual’s responsibility for discipline when he wrote, “we command you, brethren, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that ye withdraw yourselves from every brother that walketh disorderly, and not after the tradition which they received of us” (2 Thess. 3:6, ASV).

WHAT IS WITHDRAWN? Paul says that we are to avoid sinning brethren (Rom. 16:17), by withdrawing ourselves (2 Thess. 3:6) and our company from them (2 Thess. 3:14). We should not keep company or even eat with sinning brethren (1 Cor. 5:11).

WE ONLY WITHDRAW FROM SINNING BRETHREN (Matt. 18:15; 1 Cor. 5:11; 2 Thess. 3:6). We do not withdraw from the world (1 Cor. 5:9-13), but only our impenitent brethren who:

1. Commit sexual immorality (1 Cor. 5:11);
2. Covet (1 Cor. 5:11);
3. Are an idolater, reviler, drunkard, extortioner, or divisive (Rom. 16:17);
4. Sin against brethren (Matt. 18:15-17);
5. Walk disorderly contrary to apostolic tradition (2 Thess. 3:6);
6. Wander from the truth (James 5:19); or
7. Commit any trespass or offense contrary to doctrine (Gal. 6:1; Rom. 16:17).

We understand that no sin is any more or less dangerous than any other sin, though we may understand this better intellectually than we do in application. For example, many today may consider trivial what Paul said was disorderly conduct worthy of withdrawal (2 Thess. 3:6-14).


THE PURPOSE OF DISCIPLINE IS YOUR BROTHER’S SALVATION AND THE PROTECTION OF THE CHURCH (James 5:19-20; 1 Cor. 5:5-8). Discipline is difficult. Some brethren are unwilling to withdraw from a brother because they are concerned about the sinning brother’s feelings. This, however, ignores the fact that withdrawal is designed to shame the brother into repentance, and prevent sin from spreading throughout the church (2 Thess. 3:14; 1 Cor. 5:5-8).

Jesus’ pattern for dealing with sinning brethren protects not only our brother and the church, but ourselves also. Paul reminds us that when we seek to restore others that we should consider ourselves, lest we also be tempted (Gal. 6:1). The failure to try to restore a brother is in itself sin and a lack of concern for our brethren could become a lack of concern for sin in our own lives.

Tuesday, November 7, 2006

Sin No More

Sin No More
The Woman Caught In Adultery, Part II
By Bill Blue

In last week’s article (WWJD no. 23), we reviewed John 8 where Jesus was confronted with the woman caught in the act of adultery. He convicted the woman’s accusers of sin (John 8:7-9). He did not condemn the adulteress, but told her to “sin no more” (John 8:10-11).

Jesus’ instruction to “sin no more” was a command to end her adulterous activities and adulterous relationship. Vine’s Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words defines an “adulteress,” as one “who has unlawful intercourse with the spouse of another” (see Rom. 7:3). Apparently, either the woman, or the man with whom she was having intercourse, was married to another person.

Implicit in Jesus’ command to sin no more is repentance. Jesus did not tell the woman that she could continue sinning, or that forgiveness absolves continuing sins. Jesus said to “sin no more.”

Jesus spoke of repentance on many occasions (Matt. 4:17; Matt. 11:20-24; Matt. 12:41-42; Mark 1:15; Luke 17:1-4; Rev. 3:19). Jesus says that death through persecution and tragedy is preferable to the judgment that comes upon those who do not repent (Luke 13:1-5). In Revelation, Christ told members of the church – “Christians” - to repent or else: He would remove the congregation’s lampstand (Rev. 2:5); He would fight against the evil doers with the sword of His mouth (Rev. 2:16); He would cast those who committed sexual immorality into a sickbed and great tribulation (Rev. 2:21-22); and He would come upon them in judgment as a thief in the night (Rev. 3:3). Like the woman caught in adultery, Christians cannot continue sinning. “No one, having put his hand to the plow, and looking back, is fit for the kingdom of God” (Luke 9:62).

Vine’s says repentance, “In the NT … has reference to ‘repentance’ from sin, and this change of mind involves both a turning from sin and a turning to God” (cf. 2 Cor. 7:9-11).

How then would a thief repent of sin? Not simply by stopping his stealing, but also by returning or restoring that which he stole (Luke 19:8-9). As one man once said, “A horse thief has not repented while he is still sitting in my saddle.” Similarly, drunkards should stop drinking (1 Cor. 6:10). The materialistic should stop coveting (1 Cor. 6:10), and those committing sexual immorality of any form – whether pre-martial, extramarital, or homosexual – must end these activities and relationships as well (1 Cor. 6:9; Rev. 2:18-23).

Jesus says that a marriage relationship can be sinful if one party to that relationship is not free to remarry. “Whoever divorces his wife, except for sexual immorality [“marital unfaithfulness” NIV], and marries another, commits adultery” (Matt. 19:9 NKJV; Mark 10:11-12; Luke 16:18). The wife and her new spouse are also guilty of adultery if she remarries (Matt. 5:32; Luke 16:18). Jesus said that sin attaches when the husband (or wife) “marries another.” Of course, a widow (or widower) is free to remarry (Rom. 7:3; 1 Cor. 7:10-11).

How then do we repent of an adulterous marriage? Stop sinning (John 8:11) by removing yourself from the unlawful marriage (Ezra 10:18-19, 44). These partners are not rightfully yours anymore than the saddle belonged to the horse thief. As Jesus said, “the one whom you now have is not your husband” (John 4:16-19).

Admittedly, ending a marriage with someone we love isn’t easy. The Apostles acknowledged that Jesus’ commandments on marriage, divorce, and remarriage are difficult (Matt. 19:10). Sin, however, is not defined by the attitudes of men and popular culture, but by God. Sin is defined as a violation of God’s law (1 John 3:4). Man may have passed laws regulating marriage, but God will judge us by His laws (John 12:48) A marriage certificate from the clerk of the court does not absolve a husband and wife of sin any more than a law permitting abortion absolves the doctor or pregnant mother of homicide in God’s sight.

Some who do not believe that a marriage can be sinful have a double standard where homosexuality is concerned. They have no difficulty saying that homosexuals must quit having sex, but they refuse to apply the same standard to unlawful marriages. Some draw a distinction between sexual activities and sexual relationships, saying that activities like homosexuality are sinful, but relationships, like marriage are not. Should we then say that homosexuals have the right to marry so long as they do not have sex? Jesus wouldn’t. Jesus said that relationships can be sinful. “Whoever divorces His wife and marries another commits adultery” (Luke 16:18). “Whoever marries a woman who is divorced commits adultery” (Matt. 5:32).

The Disciples rightly understood that God’s expectations for marriage are demanding when they concluded, “If such is the case of the man with his wife, it is better not to marry” (Matt. 19:10). If marriage relationships cannot be sinful, then all one would have to do to avoid sexual immorality is to marry their partner. If this is true, then why would the Disciples believe that Jesus’ commands were so difficult that, “it is better not to marry” (Matt. 19:10)?

Being a member of the body of Christ does not absolve us of continuing sins, including the sins of sexual immorality, unless we repent (Rev. 2:21-22) and resolve to “sin no more” (John 8:11).

Saturday, November 4, 2006

Do any vestigial organs exist in humans?

Answers in Genesis has an archive article posted on its website entitled: Do any vestigial organs exist in humans? One of the useful tidbits of the article is its identification of various organs that scientists once believed were (or no longer of any use due to the "evolution" of our species). The list below came from Answer In Genesis' article and Wikipedia.
  1. Appendix - The appendix is part of the immune system, strategically located at the entrance of the almost sterile ileum from the colon with its normally high bacterial content.
  2. Ear muscles for wiggling
  3. Eye Brow
  4. Eye Lash
  5. Nipples on males
  6. Nodes on ears, "Darwin's points"
  7. Pineal gland - The pineal gland secretes malatonin which is a hormone that regulates the circadian rhythm and has other functions.
  8. Thymus - The thymus is part of the immune system, related to T-cells. HIV attacks T-cells, rendering them ineffective and for this reason is always eventually fatal.
  9. Toes bones III, IV, V
  10. Tonsils - The tonsils have a similar function in the entrance to the pharynx.
  11. Valves in veins